Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of the green synthesis of Ag-FeO nanoparticles (Ag-FeO NPs) using Traganum nudatum seed extract.

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: UV-Vis absorption spectrum of phyto-synthesized Ag-FeO NPs produced using Traganum nudatum seed extract. An absorption maximum was observed at 359 nm. The spectrum shown is representative of three independent synthesis experiments (n = 3).

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: Synthesized, Produced

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of phyto-synthesized Ag-FeO NPs. (A) Representative TEM micrographs at different magnifications showing heterogeneous nanoparticle morphologies, including predominantly spherical and rod-like particles with moderate agglomeration. White arrows indicate representative agglomerated nanoparticle clusters. Scale bars represent 100 nm (left) and 200 nm (right). (B) Particle size distribution histogram generated from TEM images using ImageJ software based on measurements of 90 individual nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Synthesized, Generated, Software

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) characterization of the phyto-synthesized Ag-FeO NPs. (A) Representative SEM micrograph showing the morphology of the biosynthesized Ag-FeO NPs, with irregularly shaped aggregated nanoparticle clusters. (B) SEM image indicating the region selected for EDX analysis (Spc_002). (C) EDX spectrum showing signals corresponding to Ag, Fe, O, and C. The Ag and Fe signals qualitatively support the presence of both metallic components in the synthesized material, while O and C may be associated with iron oxide and plant-derived organic constituents, respectively. Because quantitative EDX data (wt% and at%) were not available, the relative elemental composition and purity could not be determined by EDX.

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Spectroscopy, Synthesized, Morphology, Analysis, Derivative Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution of phyto-synthesized Ag-FeO NPs prepared using Traganum nudatum seed extract, determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The presented distribution is representative of three independent measurements (n = 3).

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: Synthesized, Dynamic Light Scattering Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: FTIR spectra of Traganum nudatum seed extract (red spectrum) and biosynthesized Ag-FeO NPs (black spectrum). Characteristic absorption bands at 3,315 cm -1 and 1,645 cm -1 correspond to O-H/N-H stretching and C=O stretching vibrations, respectively, indicating the involvement of plant-derived phytochemicals in the reduction and stabilization of Ag-FeO NPs.

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: Derivative Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antimicrobial activity of Ag-FeO NPs (40 mg/mL) against E. coli , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans , expressed as inhibition zone diameter (mm). Ag-FeO NP activity was compared with conventional antimicrobial controls, including ampicillin for bacterial strains and fluconazole for C. albicans . Asterisks denote significant differences between treatments (**P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001). Data are presented as mean ± SE from three independent biological replicates (n = 3).

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Inhibition

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Candida albicans . (A) Untreated control cells showing typical smooth, ovoid morphology (×9,500 magnification). (B–D) C. albicans cells treated with 40 mg/mL Ag-FeO NPs, exhibiting pronounced morphological alterations at magnifications of ×1,000 (B) , 6,000× (C) , and 4,300× (D) , including surface roughening, deformation, aggregation, and evidence of nanoparticle adherence.

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy, Control, Morphology

Journal: Frontiers in Chemistry

Article Title: Phyto-synthesized silver-iron oxide nanoparticles from Traganum nudatum for antimicrobial and anticancer applications: experimental and computational insights

doi: 10.3389/fchem.2026.1877737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Ag-FeO NPs on the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, as determined by the MTT assay. Cell viability is presented as mean ± SE following treatment with Ag-FeO NPs at concentrations ranging from 15 to 500 μg/mL. Solid lines represent nonlinear regression dose-response curves used for IC 50 estimation. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. A significant difference between MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells was observed only at 500 μg/mL (*P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Hydrodynamic particle size distribution, PDI, and zeta potential measurements of Ag-FeO NPs were carried out using Zetasizer (NANO ZSP; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Serial Number: MAL1118778, ver 7.11, Malvern, UK).

Techniques: MTT Assay, Analysis

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Mentha spicata -mediated silver nanoparticles for combating Streptococcus mutans and oral cancer cells

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23852-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) The agar well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175, ( b ) MIC of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175 assessed using the 96-well microtiter plate assay.

Article Snippet: The MIC for the broth microdilution experiment was also found to be 0.125 mg/mL, which is like to the reference antibiotic levofloxacin (5 μg), as demonstrated in Fig. . Fig. 7 ( a ) The agar well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175, ( b ) MIC of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175 assessed using the 96-well microtiter plate assay.

Techniques: Diffusion-based Assay, Activity Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Mentha spicata -mediated silver nanoparticles for combating Streptococcus mutans and oral cancer cells

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23852-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-biofilm effect of sub-inhibitory dose of Ag-NP against S. mutans .

Article Snippet: The MIC for the broth microdilution experiment was also found to be 0.125 mg/mL, which is like to the reference antibiotic levofloxacin (5 μg), as demonstrated in Fig. . Fig. 7 ( a ) The agar well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175, ( b ) MIC of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175 assessed using the 96-well microtiter plate assay.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Activity Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Mentha spicata -mediated silver nanoparticles for combating Streptococcus mutans and oral cancer cells

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23852-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of a sub-inhibitory concentration of Ag-NPs on the biofilm formation of S. mutans . The treatment resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm activity compared to the control.

Article Snippet: The MIC for the broth microdilution experiment was also found to be 0.125 mg/mL, which is like to the reference antibiotic levofloxacin (5 μg), as demonstrated in Fig. . Fig. 7 ( a ) The agar well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175, ( b ) MIC of Ag-NPs against S. mutans ATCC 25175 assessed using the 96-well microtiter plate assay.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Activity Assay, Control